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THE DEVELOPMENT OF 
THE EUROPEAN NATIONS 



SYLLABUS OF A 
COURSE OF SIX 
LECTURE-STUDIES 



BY HOWARD B. GROSE, A. M., 

UNIVERSITY EXTENSION INSTRUCTOR IN HISTORY 



(CfiE Bnibcts'itu press of ■ffbicaoo 
Monograph o. c. heath a co. 



CHICAGO. BOSTON, NEW YORK, AND LONDON 






EXERCISES. 

Exercises on eacli week's lecture will be found below. An- 
swers in writing, to not more than two or three questions each week, 
are invited from all persons attending the lectures. They should 
be sent to H. B. Grose, University of Chicago, Chicago, and 
should arrive at least two days before the following lecture. 
Some signature, 'itnth the name of the local centre to lohich the ex- 
ercise is to be returned, should be given at the top of the first page 
The exercises will be returned, with marginal comments, at the 
Class, the following week, when further explanation of the gen- 
eral subject will be given, such as tlie students' exercises seem to 
call for. There will be an Examixatiox at the end of the course 
for students desiring to take it; and the credit given to students 
for this course will be based jointly upon the Exercises and the 
Examiuation. Members of the audience sending in answers to the 
weekly exercises are asked to kindly write on one side of the 
paper only and to leave abroad margin on tlic left liand. 

Any of the books referred to in these lectures may be ob- 
tained at special rates from The Uxiversity Press of Chicago, 
Chicago, 111. Prices will l)e quoted on a])plication. 



Copyrighted, 1.S92, by the University df Chicago. 






LECTUKE I 

A CKXTURY OF (iERMAX HISTORY. 1792-1892. 

J. Introduction. 

(I Central Tliouglit— tlie Estal>lislnnent of German Unity. 
This is tlie most important ])()litical event of tlie 
eentnry, 

/> Significance of tlie rise of Prussia as a State since 180C). 
This with its attendant conscqnences is justly regarded 
as one of the most momentous changes in the history of 
civilization. The new German Empire, which is a 
result, differs radically from the old in l)eing (1) purely 
German, (2) powerfully centralized, and (8) solely polit- 
ical, free from all ecclesiastical alliance. Among the 
Euroi>ean nations to-day (4ermany is the centre of in- 
terest. 

<• The ideas of nationality and unit\ ti-aced from their 
earliest api)eai-auce among the Germans to 1792. 
11. Germany from 1792 to 1815. 

(I (^eiMiiauy in 1792 nominally the Holy Koman Emj>ire; 
in reality it consisted of two great and hostile mon- 
archies, two smaller sovereignties, 250 petty principalities, 
50 imperial cities, and several hundred knights. People 
divided into three classes: (1) Nobles, (2) burghers, (3) 
peasants. Occujjations prescribed by law. Worst forms 
of mediaeval feudalism. 

1) Immediate effects of French Kevolution upon (1) the 
people, slight; (2) the rulers, reactionary, inducing 
strengthened absolutism. 

r Shameful reign of Frederic William II of Prussia (1786- 
97). Fatal weakness and indecision of Frederic William 
III (1797-1810). Defeat of Prussia, and downfall of 
Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Resignation of Francis 
II of Austria ended the existence of what was once one 
of the most influential empires in history (Aug. 6, 1806). 
3 



4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN NATIONS. 

d Wretched condition of Germany from 1806 to 1813. 
Dee]^ huifiiliation and destructive partition of the proud 
Prussia of Frederic the Great. Yet these years, under 
Stein's influence, are morally among the most impressive 
in Prussia's history. Over-oppression arouses a new 
national life. 

e Napoleon's policy to destroy German nationality resulted 
in advantageous reaction ; revealed the weakness of the 
petty State system ; cleared the ground for reform, and 
stimulated the demand for constitutional representative 
government. 

f Frederic William's Appeal to his People (26th March, 
1813), leading to the War of Liberation. Decisive 
victory of Leipsic begins Napoleon's destruction. Prom- 
ise of a constitution. 

III. From the Congress of Vienna to the Death of Frederic William III. 

a Period of the German Confederation.. Remaking the 
Map of Europe, destroyed by Napoleon. The Holy 
Alliance. Disappointment of liberal hopes in Prussia 
through the King's broken promises. 

h Introduction of the representative system in Saxe- 
Weimar and the South German States. Continued re- 
sistance of Austria and Prussia. Growth of popular 
sentiment, secret societies, and the Burschenschaft. 
Student excesses, Kotzebue's assassination, and republi- 
can movements, leading to the Karlsbad Decrees extin- 
guishing freedom of the press, restraining university 
teaching, forbidding societies and political meetings, 
and creating an inquisition for detection and punishment 
of political agitators. 

c Creation of the Provincial Diets, August 2, 1823. 
Death of Frederic William III in 1840. 

EXERCISES. 

1. What position does the German Empire hold among the 
European Nations in respect to political and military 
power and intellectual influence? 



THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN NATIONS. 

2. Compare the German Confederation of 1815 with the Ger- 
man Empire of to-day. 

3. State the difference between the form of monarchical gov- 
ernment in Germany and that in England. 

4. Indicate the principal factors which have brought Prussia 
to dominant power in Germany. 



LECTURE II. 

A CENTURY OF GERMAN HISTORY CONTINUED. 

I. Reign of Frederic William IV. (1840-1861). 

a Coronation of Frederic William IV. His refusal to 
grant a written constitution causes a revolt. Police re- 
strictions instead of popular government. Creation of 
the United Landtag, Feb. 3, 1847. Appearance of Bis- 
marck as a defender of absolutism. 

h Revolution of 1848. French overturning produces 
popular uprisings in Germany, proving widespread de- 
mand for representative government. National Assem- 
bly, organized May 18, 1848, adopts popular sovereignty; 
fails for want of authority. Attempt to establish a 
German Republic (llth September, 1848) easily sup- 
pressed. Riots in Vienna, led by students, result in 
overthrow and flight to England of Metternich. 

c Revolution in Berlin; severe street battles (18th March) 
between royal troops and people; humiliation of the 
king, who yielded all points in favor of representative 
government; William I opposes this, and is sent to Eng- 
land to escape wrath of mob. Government finally 
recovers courage, resorts to force, dissolves the United 
Landtag, and issues a constitution, democratic in charac- 
ter, providing for two elective Chambers. By this step 
(26th February, 1849) Prussia entered the ranks of mod- 
ern constitutional States. 

d King of Prussia, elected Emperor of the Germans by 
National Assembly, declines. Frankfort Parliament 



6 THE J)EVELOI\MEXT OF THE EUROPEAN NATIONS. 

dies of weakness. Reaction triumpbant generally. 
Revolntionai-}^ violence defeated itself. Birth of the 
Union — League of the Three Kings (28th May, 1849). 
Prussia's plan defeated by Austria, and chance for lead- 
ership again lost for want of a great statesman. Re- 
gency of William; death of Frederic William IV (2d 
Jamiary, 1861). 
II. Reign of William I (i86i i888.) 

ii A new era begaji with the new ruler. Strong believer 
in the divine right of kingship, William I w^as Prussian, 
patriot, just, strong of will. He found a statesman and 
leader in Bismarck. Austria's hour had now. come. 
Bismarck's rise to power was her downfall. Diplomatic 
successes were for her no longer possible. Crisis of 
1864. Prussia withdraws from the old Bund forever, 
June 14, 1866. War with Austria follows. Prussia 
wins at Kiuiiggratz (3rd July), and Austria is excluded 
from Germany. Unity through Prussia is now possilde. 
Bismarck resolved to secure it. 

h Franco-Prussian War (1870-71). Swift successes of 
German arms. Fren-ch defeat and humiliation. 

o, Establishment of the German Empire. Coronation of 
William I at Versailles. Triumphant return to Berlin. 
Bismarck's policy. The Culturkampf. Death of Will- 
iam I; brief reign of Frederic III. Succession of 
William II, the present Emperor. Retirement of Bis- 
marck. Absolutism revived. School Law and Army 
Bill. Traits of the young Kaiser. 

d Present position of Prussia. Militarism. Socialistic 
and liberal movements. Secret of power in the idea of 
Duty. Elements of national strength and greatness. 
III. Interview with Prince Bismarck. 

Bismarck's 77th Birthday. A day at Friedrichsruh. The 
great Chancellor in retirement. His views of present 
policy and future development. Stability of the Em- 
pire. " A foolish and erratic ruler the only power that 
can overthrow what has been liuilt u]).'' The outlook 
hopeful. 



Tin-: ])KVKi,(>i'.Mi:x'i' of tiik europkax xattons. 7 

References: 

1) For outline studies: Mackenzie's Tlie Nineteenth Century — a 
History. Fisher's Outlines of Universal History from page 498. 
Andrews' Institutes of General History, from page 3i9. Supple- 
mentary chapter of Bryce's The Holy Roman Empire. Whit- 
man's Imperial Germany. 

2) For more extended Reading: Articles on Germany, Prussia and 
Austria in the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Fay's Three Germairys. 
Murdock's The Reconstruction of Europe. Midler's Political 
History of Recent Times, an imijortant and accurate work. Von 
Sybel's TJie Fonnding of the German Empire, very able and 
clear in tracing the growth of popular sentiment and the attain- 
ment of Unity. Fyffe's History of Modern Europe, highly to be 
recommended. The Life and Times of Stein, by Prof. J. R. 
Seeley. Lowe's Prince Bismarck. In German, Treitschke's 
Deutsche Geschichte im XIX Jahrhundert. Klupfel's Die 
Deutsche Einheitshestrehungen seit 1815. Weber, Weltgc- 
schichte, 11. 

EXERCISES. 

1. ^Yhat are the chief elements of strength in the character 
of the German people? 

2. Are the present tendencies in Germany favorable or op- 
posed to (1) strongly centralized government, (2) State 
church or separation of State and church, (3) extension of 
constitutional government and a limited monarchy or sov- 
ereign supremacy, (4) popular rule or absolutism, (5) per- 
sonal and political liberty. 

3. Suggest what changes in the Map of Europe, if any, will 
probably be made in the event of a great European war. 



LECTURE III. 

A CENTURY OF FRENCH HISTORY. 1792-1892. 

I. France from 1792 to 1815. 

(f The era of the people. France leads the nations in the 
overthrow of tyranny. Resume of the events of 1789. 
Effect of the Revolution and substitution of the modern 
for the mediieval state. War with the allied nations. 



8 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUEOPEAIST NATIONS. 

The National Convention (21st September, 1792) pro- 
claims the French Republic. Execution of King and 
Queen (1793). Robespierre and the Terror (1793-94). 
Napoleon quells a Paris moL>, October 5, 1795. His 
rapidly rising fame as soldier. 
h Napoleon made First Consul (1799), Emperor (May, 
1804). At the acme of power (1810). Downfall (1815). 
Two views of his character. What he accomplished. 

II. From the Congress of Vienna to the Franco-Prussian War. 

a Restoration of the Bourbons by the conquerors. Piti- 
able condition of the country; remarkable recuperation — 
a feature in which no nation has ever equalled France. 

h Revolution of 1830, overthrow of Charles X., elevation 
of Louis Phillippe, the citizen-king. Absolutist tenden- 
cies and repression of liberty breed revolutionary forces, 
which are for a time held in check. 

c Revolution of 1848, and proclamation of the Second 
French Republic. Louis Napoleon, elected president, 
swears faith to the Republic, but in four years usurps 
power and is declared Emperor. His home and foreign 
policy. Useless wars and expenditures. 

d Power of Prussia moves Napoleon to declaration of war. 
Bismarck and Von Moltke enact a Napoleonic surprise 
and conquest. End of the Napoleonic rule in France. 

e The Empire succeeded by a Republic. Another amazing 
exhibition of recuperative power. Growth and pros- 
perity of the nation. 

III. The France and French of To-day. 

a Government and policy. Military reorganization and 
strength. Elements of weakness. Socialistic and an- 
archistic forces. The land of agitators. The French 
peasantry and the Parisian populace. France an uncer- 
tain quantity in the present political situation. 

b Tendencies of French life and literature. Needed 
changes are (1 ) Less of Parisian domination, (2) In- 
creased religious liberty, (3) more and better education, 
free from ecclesiastical control. 



THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUEOPEAN NATIONS. 9 

c While France is recognized as a powerful military foe, 
her influence, political and moral, among the nations, 
is slight, not above that of a third-rate Power. 
References : 

1) Articles on France and the French Revolution in the Ency do - 
pcedia Britannica; Mackenzie's The Nineteenth Century; 
Fisher's Outlines of Universal History ; Andrews's Institutes of 
General History. 

2) Carlyle's French Revolution; Fyffe's History of Modern 
Europe ; Mtiiler's Political History of Recent Times ; Michelet's 
French Revolution ; Guizot's History of France ; Dickens's Tale 
of Two Cities; von Sybel's French Revolution; Murdock's Re- 
construction of Europe; Prof. J. R. Seeley's Napoleon the 
First; Ropes' The First Napoleon, advocating his cause in oppo- 
sition to the common view. C. K. Adams's Democracy and 
Monarchy in France. 

EXERCISES. 

1. Give an estimate of the character of the First Napoleon, 
and of his services to France and the other nations. 

2. Are the probabilities for or against the permanency of the 
French Republic? Give reasons. 

3. Contrast the French with the German character. 

4. State some of the beneficial effects of the French Revolu- 
tion (1 ) upon France, (2) upon other nations. 



LECTURE IV. 

A CENTURY OF RUSSIAN HISTORY. 1792-1892. 

I, Introduction. 

The new era beginning with Peter the Great (1698-1725). 
He established Russia as one of the great powers of 
Europe, and introduced many reforms, but altered the 
form of government to an absolute despotism, all decrees 
emanating from the sole will of the Emperor. A des- 
potism Russia remains. 
II. General Survey from the Period of the French Revolution. 

a Conditions of the national life in 1792: (1) Political, 
(2) Military, (3) Social. 



10 THE DEVELOP^tlKXT UF THE EUKOPEAX XATIOXS. 

h The period of French Conquests, from 1797 to 1815. 
Growth without parallel. Nicholas succeeded Napoleon 
First as arbiter of the destinies of Europe. Revolu- 
tionary attempts of 1825. Territorial acquisitions. 
Dismemberment of Poland. Effects of the Revolution 
of 1848. 
r The Crimean War, which checked Prussia's schemes, 
and saved Euro|)e from an Eastern doinination. Pres- 
ervation of "the sick man" (Turkey) decreed by the 
Powers. 
d Reforms introduced by Nicholas II. Liberation of the 
serfs (48,000,000) in ^1861. Character of the present 
Czar. Limitations of reform efforts. 
III. Russian Characteristics and Civilization. 

<i C^ivilization — eastern rather than Mcstcrn in type. More 
than a century behind; more than that, radically differ- 
ent in standards of morality and taste. Low views of 
education, from primary to university. Official corrup- 
tion. Religious superstition and intolerance. Press 
censorship. Repression of literature. 
h Military establishments and strength. Despotism up- 
held by an obedient army. Tlie hopeless soldier hard 
to defeat, because he will tight doggedly to the death; 
neither asks nor shows mercy. 
o Anarchy and socialism. Low condition of [)easantry. 
Ignorance and crime. National vices considered unim- 
portant. Justice and injustice. Social customs, uses 
and abuses. Milage life. Terrors and crimes of despot- 
ism. 
d Growth of popular sentiment despite repression. Work- 
men's societies. Student influence. Assassination as a 
means of reform. Siberian horrors. 
f: Russia's present position and am])ition. Predictions as 
to her future })Ower and influciicc in Euroi>e. 
References : 

Articles on Russia in EiicyclajJccdia Britannim. Wallace's Rus- 
sia, which gives doubtless the most accurate information concern- 
ing the life of the people. Kelly's Histonj of Russia. E. B. 



THK DEVELor^NlEXT OF THK Kl'Rol'KAX XATIONS. 11 

Lanin's Eussian Traits and Terrors. Stepniak's Underground 
Russia and Russia under the Tzars. Tolstoi's Anna Karenina 
and War and Peace, which are valuable side-lights iqjon history, 
g-iving true glimpses of the life and moral sentiments of the peo- 
ple. See also Mackenzie and Miiller. Kennan's Century articles 
on Siberian exile. 

EXERCISES. 

Mention the chief cliaracteristics of tlie successive Russian 
rulers since Peter the Great, with the princi])al events of 
each reign. 

Will Russia dominate Euro[)e, or become pervious to west- 
ern civilization, experience reforms in government and 
society, and become one of the civilized and progressive 
nations? Give reason for your view. 

If Russia and France, allied, could have their desire, how 
would the Map of Europe be re-made? What territory 
does each nation wish to acquire? 



LECTURE Y. 

A CENTURY OF ENGLISH HISTORY. 1792-1892. 

1. Introduction. 

Central Thought — Political and constitutional reforms. 
Remarkable advancement of civilization in this century. 
England the leader in popular sovereignty, veiled under 
the form of a limited monarchy. Growth of the idea 
and fact of self-government by the peoi>le. Condition 
of })arties and people in England in 1792. 

II. England from the French Revolution to the Crimean War. 

<i Reforms under the younger Pitt, who established the 
modern government of England. Democratic and reac- 
tionary effects of the French Revolution. Growth of the 
demand for universal suffrage. Joining in the alliance 
for the overthrow of Napoleon. War of 1812 with 
America. Popular discontent in 1829 and the govern- 
ment's treatment of it. Reform Kill of 18B2. 



12 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN NATIONS. 

h Beginning of Queen Victoria's reign (June 20, 1837). 
The Anti-Corn Law Agitation. Rise of Trades Unions, 
and their objects. Policy of conquest in the East. 
Social questions demanding settlement and causing 
changes of administration. Repeal of the Corn Laws. 
Irish Rebellion. Causes of the Crimean AYar. 
III. From the Crimean War to the Present. 

a Principal measures, political and social. Religious and 
educational changes. Illiteracy at the beginning of the 
century. Condition of the lower classses. 

h Gladstone in office. The Irish Question. Foreign 
policy. Eastern possessions; formation of the British 
Empire. English influence in the East. 

c Growth of Democracy in England. Relations of 
monarch and nobility to the people contrasted with such 
relations in Prussia. The Prince of Wales. 

d Improved conditions of life by comparison with those 
existing at the beginning of the century. Freedom of 
the press; personal liberty; a thoroughly representative 
government, with a permanent executive. 

e Position and influence among the nations. Struggle for 
commercial and political supremacy. 

f Problematic future of the Empire. 

References : 

Mackenzie's Nineteenth Century; McCarthy's A History of Our 
Own Times; Escott's England; BvighVs English History, Vol. 4; 
Green's History of the English People; Cory's Ouide to Modern 
English History ; Fyffe's Modern Europe. 

EXERCISES. 

1. Why was England so solicitous to preserve the power of 
the Turk in Europe? What interests led her to engage 
in war with Russia? 

2. What is the most important parliamentary measure passed 

since 1792? 

3. Which is the preferable form of government — a limited 
constitutional monarchy, with universal suffrage, or a 
republic? State reason for your opinion. 



THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN NATIONS. 13 

4. What race is most likely to predominate in the world's 
affairs, the Anglo-Saxon, the Chinese, or the slavs of 
Russia? If Anglo-Saxon, why? 



LECTURE VI. 

A CENTURY OF ITALIAN AND SPANISH HISTORY.— 1792-1892. 

I. Italian History from the French Revolution. 

a Central Thought — Establishment of Italian Unity and 

Kingdom. Effects of the Naj^oleonic wars upon Italy. 
b Sketch of military and political events. Wretched 
condition under the Austrian and French domination. 
Mazzini, the Reformer. The Carbonari, or secret 
societies. Rise of Sardinia. Reign of Victor Emanuel 
afud leadership of the great statesman, Cavour, who was 
to Italy what Bismarck was to Gernuxny. Campaign of 
1859. Patriotism and heroism of Garibaldi. Overthrow 
of the tem})oral power of the Pope one of the marked 
events of the centuries. Kingdom of Italy proclaimed 
Feb. 8, 18G1. 
c Political and social conditions of the present day. Civil 
and educational reforms; constitutional provisions; 
personal liberty; realization of a liberal and strong state. 
Popular ignorance to be eradicated. Italy's position in 
the Dreihund. 
References : 

Miiller's Political History of Recent Times; chapters on Italy. 
Murdock's The Reconstruction of Europe, an admirable treat- 
ment of the subject. Probyn's Italy, a clear resume of the 
century. Article on Italy in EncyclopcEclia BiHtannica, Macken- 
zie's Nineteenth Century. 

II. Spanish History from 1792 to the Present Time. 

<i Xapoleonic alliance and rule. Unwilling submission to 
a foreign king. Compelled to make war against England, 
Nelson's victory at Trafalgar frees Spain from Frei^ch 
supremacy, and brings her into alliance with England, 
Ferdinand VII destroyed the constitution drawn by the 



14 THE DEVELOP^IKXT OF THE EUROPEAN NATIONS. 

Cortes during liis captivity in France — a constitution 
that would make S[)ain, instead of an absolute monarcby, 
one most strictly limited. The Inquisition was restored, 
and arbitrary l:>igotry reigned. Insurrections followed 
until a French army appeared and again subjugated the 
country. 

h Conspiracy of 183G, resulting in a new constitution. 
Reign of Queen Isabella; her overthrow in 1868. At- 
tempt to organize a Republic. Alfonso, son of Isabella, 
proclaimed king in 1874. Death in 1885. 

c A country of revolutions. Status of education and 
commerce. Religious fidelity and backward civilization. 

References: 

Miiller and Mackenzie. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Hales. The Story 
of Spain. 

EXERCISES. 

1. Give brief account of the revolution accomplished by 
Garibaldi. 

2. How long had the Popes maintained a temporal kingdom? 
Was it a political as well as a religious State? What was 
the nature and extent of its influence in Europe? 

3. Characterize the i)resent system of government in Italy. 
State the general condition of the people as to wealth, 
education and morals. 

4. What is the outlook for radical reforms or ])Opular govern- 
ment in Spain? 



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